Distributed Iterative Graph Processing (Pregel)

Distributed graph processing enables you to do online analytical processing directly on graphs stored in ArangoDB. This is intended to help you gain analytical insights on your data, without having to use external processing systems. Examples of algorithms to execute are PageRank, Vertex Centrality, Vertex Closeness, Connected Components, Community Detection.

Check out the hands-on ArangoDB Pregel Tutorial to learn more.

The processing system inside ArangoDB is based on: Pregel: A System for Large-Scale Graph Processing – Malewicz et al. (Google), 2010. This concept enables us to perform distributed graph processing, without the need for distributed global locking.

This system is not useful for typical online queries, where you just work on a small set of vertices. These kind of tasks are better suited for AQL traversals.

Prerequisites

If you run a single ArangoDB instance in single-server mode, there are no requirements regarding the modeling of your data. All you need is at least one vertex collection and one edge collection.

In cluster mode, the collections need to be sharded in a specific way to ensure correct results: The outgoing edges of a vertex need to be on the same DB-Server as the vertex. This is guaranteed by SmartGraphs.

Note that the performance may be better, if the number of your shards / collections matches the number of CPU cores.

arangosh API

Starting an Algorithm Execution

The Pregel API is accessible through the @arangodb/pregel package.

To start an execution you need to specify the algorithm name and a named graph (SmartGraph in cluster). Alternatively you can specify the vertex and edge collections. Additionally you can specify custom parameters which vary for each algorithm. The start() method will always return a unique ID which can be used to interact with the algorithm and later on.

The below variant of the start() method can be used for named graphs:

var pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
var params = {};
var execution = pregel.start("<algorithm>", "<yourgraph>", params);

params needs to be an object, the valid keys are mentioned below in the section Available Algorithms.

Alternatively you might want to specify the vertex and edge collections directly. The call syntax of the start() method changes in this case. The second argument must be an object with the keys vertexCollections and edgeCollections.

var pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
var params = {};
var execution = pregel.start("<algorithm>", {vertexCollections:["vertices"], edgeCollections:["edges"]}, params);

The last argument is still the parameter object. See below for a list of algorithms and parameters.

Status of an Algorithm Execution

The code returned by the pregel.start(...) method can be used to track the status of your algorithm.

var execution = pregel.start("sssp", "demograph", {source: "vertices/V"});
var status = pregel.status(execution);

The result will tell you the current status of the algorithm execution. It will tell you the current state of the execution, the current global superstep, the runtime, the global aggregator values as well as the number of send and received messages.

The state field has one of the following values:

The object returned by the status() method might for example look something like this:

{
  "state" : "running",
  "gss" : 12,
  "totalRuntime" : 123.23,
  "aggregators" : {
    "converged" : false,
    "max" : true,
    "phase" : 2
  },
  "sendCount" : 3240364978,
  "receivedCount" : 3240364975
}

Canceling an Execution / Discarding results

To cancel an execution which is still running, and discard any intermediate results you can use the cancel() method. This will immediately free all memory taken up by the execution, and will make you lose all intermediary data.

// start a single source shortest path job
var execution = pregel.start("sssp", "demograph", {source: "vertices/V"});
pregel.cancel(execution);

You might get inconsistent results if you requested to store the results and then cancel an execution when it is already in its storing state (or done state in versions prior to 3.7.1). The data is written multi-threaded into all collection shards at once. This means there are multiple transactions simultaneously. A transaction might already be committed when you cancel the execution job. Therefore, you might see some updated documents, while other documents have no or stale results from a previous execution.

AQL integration

When the graph processing subsystem finishes executing an algorithm, the results can either be written back into documents or kept in memory only. If the data is persisted, then you can query the documents normally to get access to the results.

If you do not want to store results, then they are only held temporarily, until you call the cancel() method. The in-memory results can be accessed via the PREGEL_RESULT() AQL function.

The result field names depend on the algorithm in both cases.

For example, you might want to query only nodes with the highest rank from the result set of a PageRank execution:

FOR v IN PREGEL_RESULT(<handle>)
  FILTER v.result >= 0.01
  RETURN v._key

By default, the PREGEL_RESULT() AQL function will return the _key of each vertex plus the result of the computation. In case the computation was done for vertices from different vertex collection, just the _key values may not be sufficient to tell vertices from different collections apart. In this case, PREGEL_RESULT() can be given a second parameter withId, which will make it return the _id values of the vertices as well:

FOR v IN PREGEL_RESULT(<handle>, true)
  FILTER v.result >= 0.01
  RETURN v._id

Algorithm Parameters

There are a number of general parameters which apply to almost all algorithms:

• store (bool): Defaults to true. If true, the Pregel engine will write results back to the database. If the value is false then you can query the results with PREGEL_RESULT() in AQL. See AQL integration
• maxGSS (number): Maximum number of global iterations for this algorithm
• parallelism (number): Number of parallel threads to use per worker. Does not influence the number of threads used to load or store data from the database (this depends on the number of shards).
• async (bool): Algorithms which support asynchronous mode will run without synchronized global iterations. Might lead to performance increases if you have load imbalances.
• resultField (string): Most algorithms use this as attribute name for the result. Some use it as prefix for multiple result attributes. Defaults to "result".
• useMemoryMaps (bool): Use disk based files to store temporary results. This might make the computation disk-bound, but allows you to run computations which would not fit into main memory. It is recommended to set this flag for larger datasets.
• shardKeyAttribute (string): shard key that edge collections are sharded after (default: "vertex")

Available Algorithms

Page Rank

PageRank is a well known algorithm to rank documents in a graph. The algorithm will run until the execution converges. Specify a custom threshold with the parameter threshold, to run for a fixed number of iterations use the maxGSS parameter.

var pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
pregel.start("pagerank", "graphname", {maxGSS: 100, threshold: 0.00000001, resultField: "rank"})

Seeded PageRank

It is possible to specify an initial distribution for the vertex documents in your graph. To define these seed ranks / centralities you can specify a sourceField in the properties for this algorithm. If the specified field is set on a document and the value is numeric, then it will be used instead of the default initial rank of 1 / numVertices.

var pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
pregel.start("pagerank", "graphname", {maxGSS: 20, threshold: 0.00000001, sourceField: "seed", resultField: "rank"})

Single-Source Shortest Path

Calculates the shortest path length between the source and all other vertices. The distance to the source vertex itself is returned as 0 and a length above 9007199254740991 (max safe integer) means that there is no connection between a pair of vertices.

The algorithm will run until it converges, the iterations are bound by the diameter (the longest shortest path) of your graph.

Requires a source document ID parameter. The result field needs to be specified in _resultField (note the underscore).

var pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
pregel.start("sssp", "graphname", {source: "vertices/1337", _resultField: "distance"});

Connected Components

There are three algorithms to find connected components in a graph:

1. If your graph is effectively undirected (you have edges in both directions between vertices) then the simple connected components algorithm named "connectedcomponents" is suitable.

   It is a very simple and fast algorithm, but will only work correctly on undirected graphs. Your results on directed graphs may vary, depending on how connected your components are.

2. To find weakly connected components (WCC) you can use the algorithm named "wcc". Weakly connected means that there exists a path from every vertex pair in that component.

   This algorithm will work on directed graphs but requires a greater amount of traffic between your DB-Servers.

3. To find strongly connected components (SCC) you can use the algorithm named "scc". Strongly connected means every vertex is reachable from any other vertex in the same component.

   The algorithm is more complex than the WCC algorithm and requires more memory, because each vertex needs to store much more state. Consider using WCC if you think your data may be suitable for it.

All above algorithms will assign a component ID to each vertex.

var pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");

// connected components
pregel.start("connectedcomponents", "graphname", {resultField: "component"});

// weakly connected components
pregel.start("wcc", "graphname", {resultField: "component_weak"});

// strongly connected components
pregel.start("scc", "graphname", {resultField: "component_strong"});

Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search (HITS)

HITS is a link analysis algorithm that rates Web pages, developed by Jon Kleinberg. The algorithm is also known as Hubs and Authorities.

The idea behind Hubs and Authorities comes from the typical structure of the web: Certain websites known as hubs, serve as large directories that are not actually authoritative on the information that they hold. These hubs are used as compilations of a broad catalog of information that leads users direct to other authoritative webpages.

The algorithm assigns each vertex two scores: The authority score and the hub score. The authority score rates how many good hubs point to a particular vertex (or webpage), the hub score rates how good (authoritative) the vertices pointed to are. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HITS_algorithm

ArangoDB’s version of the algorithm converges after a certain amount of time. The parameter threshold can be used to set a limit for the convergence (measured as maximum absolute difference of the hub and authority scores between the current and last iteration).

When you specify the result field name, the hub score will be stored in <resultField>_hub and the authority score in <resultField>_auth.

The algorithm can be executed like this:

var pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
var handle = pregel.start("hits", "yourgraph", {threshold:0.00001, resultField: "score"});

Vertex Centrality

Centrality measures help identify the most important vertices in a graph. They can be used in a wide range of applications: For example they can be used to identify influencers in social networks, or middle-men in terrorist networks.

There are various definitions for centrality, the simplest one being the vertex degree. These definitions were not designed with scalability in mind. It is probably impossible to discover an efficient algorithm which computes them in a distributed way. Fortunately there are scalable substitutions available, which should be equally usable for most use cases.

Effective Closeness

A common definitions of centrality is the closeness centrality (or closeness). The closeness of a vertex in a graph is the inverse average length of the shortest path between the vertex and all other vertices. For vertices x, y and shortest distance d(y, x) it is defined as:

Effective Closeness approximates the closeness measure. The algorithm works by iteratively estimating the number of shortest paths passing through each vertex. The score will approximates the real closeness score, since it is not possible to actually count all shortest paths due to the horrendous O(n^2 * d) memory requirements. The algorithm is from the paper Centralities in Large Networks: Algorithms and Observations (U Kang et.al. 2011).

ArangoDBs implementation approximates the number of shortest path in each iteration by using a HyperLogLog counter with 64 buckets. This should work well on large graphs and on smaller ones as well. The memory requirements should be O(n * d) where n is the number of vertices and d the diameter of your graph. Each vertex will store a counter for each iteration of the algorithm.

The algorithm can be used like this:

const pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
const handle = pregel.start("effectivecloseness", "yourgraph", {resultField: "closeness"});

LineRank

Another common measure is the betweenness* centrality: It measures the number of times a vertex is part of shortest paths between any pairs of vertices. For a vertex v betweenness is defined as:

Where the σ represents the number of shortest paths between x and y, and σ(v) represents the number of paths also passing through a vertex v. By intuition a vertex with higher betweenness centrality will have more information passing through it.

LineRank approximates the random walk betweenness of every vertex in a graph. This is the probability that someone starting on an arbitrary vertex, will visit this node when he randomly chooses edges to visit.

The algorithm essentially builds a line graph out of your graph (switches the vertices and edges), and then computes a score similar to PageRank. This can be considered a scalable equivalent to vertex betweenness, which can be executed distributedly in ArangoDB. The algorithm is from the paper Centralities in Large Networks: Algorithms and Observations (U Kang et.al. 2011).

const pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
const handle = pregel.start("linerank", "yourgraph", {resultField: "linerank"});

Community Detection

Graphs based on real world networks often have a community structure. This means it is possible to find groups of vertices such that each vertex group is internally more densely connected than outside the group. This has many applications when you want to analyze your networks, for example Social networks include community groups (the origin of the term, in fact) based on common location, interests, occupation, etc.

Label Propagation

Label Propagation can be used to implement community detection on large graphs. The algorithm assigns a community, more precisely, a Community ID (a natural number), to every vertex in the graph. The idea is that each vertex should be in the community that most of its neighbors are in.

At first, the algorithm assigns unique initial Community IDs to the vertices. There is no guarantee that a vertex obtains the same initial ID in two different runs of the algorithm, even if the graph does not change (although, it may often happen). Moreover, there is no guarantee on a particular distribution of the initial IDs over the vertices.

Then, in each iteration, a vertex sends its current Community ID to all its neighbor vertices. After that each vertex adopts the Community ID it received most frequently in the last step. If a vertex obtains more than one most frequent IDs, it chooses the lowest number (as IDs are numbers). If no ID arrived more than once and the ID of the vertex from the previous step is less than the lowest obtained ID number, the old ID is kept.

The algorithm runs until it converges, which likely never really happens on large graphs. Therefore you need to specify a maximum iteration bound. The default bound is 500 iterations, which is too large for common applications.

The algorithm should work best on undirected graphs. On directed graphs, the resulting partition into communities might change, if the number of performed steps changes. How strong the dependence is may be influenced by the density of the graph.

const pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
const handle = pregel.start("labelpropagation", "yourgraph", {maxGSS: 100, resultField: "community"});

Speaker-Listener Label Propagation

The Speaker-listener Label Propagation (SLPA) can be used to implement community detection. It works similar to the label propagation algorithm, but now every node additionally accumulates a memory of observed labels (instead of forgetting all but one label).

Before the algorithm run, every vertex is initialized with an unique ID (the initial community label). During the run three steps are executed for each vertex:

1. Current vertex is the listener all other vertices are speakers
2. Each speaker sends out a label from memory, we send out a random label with a probability proportional to the number of times the vertex observed the label
3. The listener remembers one of the labels, we always choose the most frequently observed label

const pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
const handle = pregel.start("slpa", "yourgraph", {maxGSS:100, resultField: "community"});

You can also execute SLPA with the maxCommunities parameter to limit the number of output communities. Internally the algorithm will still keep the memory of all labels, but the output is reduced to just he n most frequently observed labels.

const pregel = require("@arangodb/pregel");
const handle = pregel.start("slpa", "yourgraph", {maxGSS: 100, resultField: "community", maxCommunities: 1});
// check the status periodically for completion
pregel.status(handle);

Limits

Pregel algorithms in ArangoDB will by default store temporary vertex and edge data in main memory. For large datasets this is going to cause problems, as servers may run out of memory while loading the data.

To avoid servers from running out of memory while loading the dataset, a Pregel job can be started with the attribute useMemoryMaps set to true. This will make the algorithm use memory-mapped files as a backing storage in case of huge datasets. Falling back to memory-mapped files might make the computation disk-bound, but may be the only way to complete the computation at all.

Parts of the Pregel temporary results (aggregated messages) may also be stored in main memory, and currently the aggregation cannot fall back to memory-mapped files. That means if an algorithm needs to store a lot of result messages temporarily, it may consume a lot of main memory.

In general it is also recommended to set the store attribute of Pregel jobs to true to make a job store its value on disk and not just in main memory. This way the results are removed from main memory once a Pregel job completes. If the store attribute is explicitly set to false, result sets of completed Pregel runs will not be removed from main memory until the result set is explicitly discarded by a call to the cancel() method (or a shutdown of the server).